Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories - 1229 Words

Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Name PSY/405 Date Teacher University Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories In a perfect world, there would only be one, if not two different types of personality theories that psychologists would have to choose from in order to diagnose and treat their patients with, but variety, as they say, is the spice of life. In addition to that of psychodynamic personality theories, another set of equally important, and perhaps more interesting are that of humanistic and existential theories, made popular by psychologists Carl Rodger and Abraham Maslow. Humanistic and Existential Analysis Individual Personalities Humanistic and Existential theories focus on the different aspects†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The fundamental contributions of existential therapy is its understanding of man as being† (Kiser, 2007, p. 2). This theory implies that an individual is in an endless process of becoming who he or she truly are and are meant to be. When combined each theory provides an inner picture of an individual, and employs him or her to evaluate underlying factors, by taking responsibility, and making independent decisions. Row (2011) combined the theories and states, â€Å"An existential-humanistic (EH) theory, orientation, and practice of psychotherapy is a framework which emphasizes presence, awareness, and personal responsibility, in service to achievement of full potential, within a world which is limited yet brimming with possibility† (p. 2). Interpersonal Relationships Two humanistic theories are the holistic-dynamic theory and the person-centered theory. The holistic-dynamic theory was created by Abraham Maslow and for his approach to motivation he developed a hierarchy of needs with five levels. These levels start with the most basic needs and work up to the higher level needs. Meeting these needs guide a person’s behavior. For interpersonal relationships, the needs on the hierarchy will fall under the first level, which is physiological then the third and fourth levels, which are love or belongingness and esteem (Kowalski amp; Westen, 2009). TheShow MoreRelatedHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories1136 Words   |  5 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Many theorists have dedicated their lives trying to figure out how the personality of a person is shaped. While the theories presented have brought up interesting and valid points on what causes personality, there are others that have taken a different approach to its study. There is the Humanistic-Dynamic theory by Abraham Maslow, the Person-Centered theory by Carl Rogers, and the Existential Psychology made popular by Rollo May. Analyze how humanisticRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Paper1238 Words   |  5 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Matrix Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Matrix Theorists have invested years of research into learning the dynamics of one’s personality. Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories offered perspectives that have proved to be valuable to those researching and exploring how one’s personality develops and expands throughout life. From Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to Carl Rogers’s developmentRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Worksheet726 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Worksheet Fill-in the Blank 1. Abraham Maslow proposed the _____Humanistic____________ theory of personality. 2. According to Maslow, self-fulfillment and realization of one’s full potential are examples of ______basic__________ needs. 3. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that ___lower basic needs_________ needs must be satisfied before ____higher growth________ needs will become motivatorsRead MorePersonality Theory : Existential Personality Theories And Humanistic Theories Have Changed Focus On Psychological Perspectives Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Analysis Theories on existential personality theories and Humanistic theories have changed focus on psychological viewpoints because of the behavior of individuals. Now Carl Rogers’s person-center theory and Rollo May’s existential psychology focuses more on what many would call present and future experiences of the individual rather than the past because people mental states can change from one month to the next. Psychological health can be emphasized in how a person maintains theirRead MorePersonality Analysis Paper1521 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality Analysis Personality Analysis The personality of an individual is what makes him or her unique among others. That same uniqueness is what makes each person interesting to study and observe. The same set of identical twins may have all the same genetic makeup, but he or she will still have an individual personality to call his or her own. The study of personality is quite complex and involves many ideas and theories fromRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personalities850 Words   |  4 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personalities Theories According to the CIA World Factbook, there are approximately 6.8 billion people living here on the Earth. That makes for a lot of interpersonal relationships and individual personalities in this world that we live in. So is it any wonder why we spend so much time in analyzing how all these people interact with each other and what factors influenced each of these 6.8 billion people? Two different and varying theories attempt to do just that;Read MoreHumanistic/Existential Perspective of Personality927 Words   |  4 PagesHumanistic/Existential perspective of personality Christine Bernardo Psych 405 December 3, 2012 Thom Mote Humanistic/Existential perspective of personality I would like to summarize the strengths of both the humanistic and existential perspectives of personality. This will focus on strengths and examples of personalities using these theories. Both of these perspectives are part of a progressive and positive attempt to resolve upset and inhibiting behaviors to uncover the better person hidingRead MoreHistory And Theory : Freud And Rogers1125 Words   |  5 PagesHISTORY AND THEORY – Freud and Rogers Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers are two extremely renowned individuals who have greatly contributed to the history of psychology. Their contributions are the foundation for the tools, techniques, and methodologies used by psychologist today. Although, each psychologist is from different times and developed different methods, they shared a passion for the workings of the human mind. As a result, their drive and foundation has motivated and prompted new theories and researchRead MoreBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Paper1082 Words   |  5 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Paper PSY/250 Traci Petteway January 12, 2013 University of Phoenix There are similarities and differences when analyzing the components of biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs express important aspects of biological factors that approaches personality. Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs focused on a theory of human motivation, management training, and personal development. Maslow divided organismicRead MorePsychodynamic Approach On Human Nature1108 Words   |  5 Pagescounseling. The four categories are: psychodynamic, cognitive- behavioral, existential- humanistic, and postmodern approach. â€Å"Psychodynamic approach sees human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.† (McLeod, 2007, para. 4). Psychodynamic approach uses conscious and unconscious forces to explain one s personality. Sigmund Freud is looked upon as one of the creators of this movement

Mangerial Economics Example

Essays on Mangerial Economics Essay Managerial Economics Q2.5 The business operations of Southwest Airlines are consumer or oriented, meaning that the airline is highly concerned about the welfare of its customers. Over and above this pursuit, the company also aims at offering quality services at the lowest prices possible. Promotional fares are the main variables that company uses, thereby offering competitive and affordable services. Local market share is substantial, with revenue improvement being focused to new markets in the airline industry. Total revenue maximization is central to the operations and business aspects that Southwest Airlines engages in. Maximization of revenues must account for operational costs, output level and profit trends. With the company’s orientation in air travel that suits its business aspects and customer welfare, total revenue maximization would take place at output level that is greater than the short run profit maximizing output. Total revenue is maximized at the output level where marginal revenue is equal to zero. Given that the company operates in a competitive environment, the firm’s long run prices should be equal to the marginal cost. This is one of the primary profit maximization conditions. This in turn affects the total output at which total revenue is maximized. The short run performance of the company in terms of costs, revenues and profits is likely to realize a fluctuating trend. This means that the short run maximizing output is likely to be higher or lower before economic variables harmonize to constitute a long run trend. For this reason, maximizing total revenue at an output level that is greater than the short run profit maximizing output level is compatible with the long run maximization of profits (Froeb McCann 129). Q3.7 Supply is defined as the quantity of goods and services that sellers are willing and able to provide in the market at the prevailing market price (Froeb McCann 243). There are market forces and variables that tend to influence the supply of both goods and services in the market, accounted for by the interaction of buyers and sellers in the market. Supply function relates supply of products to the influencing factors in the market in form of a statement. This stated relationship constitutes the supply function. Quantities of goods and services are offered at a price by the sellers to the buyers. Various price levels have quantities supplied related to them. The relationship between quantities of products supplied and their relative prices constitutes the supply curve. At this point, all other influencing factors are held constant. Changes in price levels affect supply of products, leading to fluctuations on the quantity supplied. This triggers movements along the supply curve. Factors that influence supply of products with the exception of price level causes shifts in the supply curve when such factors change. Supply determinants that are non-price in nature are responsible for supply curve shifts. The entire supply curve can move to right, depicting an increase in quantity supplied, or to the left, depicting a decrease in product quantity supplied. Works Cited Froeb, Luke McCann, Brian. Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving Approach. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009.

Strength and Weakness

Question: Your self reflection needs to respond to all of the following questions.What do you feel that the strengths of the presentation were? Please provide specific examplesIf you were to do your presentation again what would you change?Why would you change it?What would you change it to? Answer: Strength and weakness The strength of the presentation is that the point mentioned in the slides gives an idea about the discussion that has been done in the notes. The person has avoided putting descriptive information in the slides, which is a good sign, as the audience will not confided regarding the crux of the presentations. The main topics are arranged in a proper manner so that the presenter gets the idea of the presentation systematically. The main weakness of the presentation is the lack of number of slides. Especially in the third side where, the individual has written three points regain of the key points of the session, whereas the speaker notes say a lot more than the purpose of the session. It might have been helpful if the third slide just talked about the purpose and later explained the points in addition this, there is no pictures. Charts or graph that will make the presentation more interesting and the audience could have been related to the charts and understand the presentation in a better manner. Changes that could be made The presenter could have given more graphs, pictures and charts that would have explained the types of communication in a better manner. The pictorial representation would have helped he audience to understand the perspective of the presenters. Only words in a presentation, at times make the presentation monotonous. Even if the presenter needs to write something, the person should make use of different features like making the fonts bold, italics and use different colors to write the words. In this way, even if the presenter does not use the picture, the audience will read the text as it will attract their attentions. In the slide of the key points of the session, type of communication, leadership approaches and organizational conflict could have been explained in a better manner in the slides. Separate slides for the three topics should have been made so that the audience could have understood each topic distinctively. The reason for change PowerPoint is meant to reach a large number of audiences, hence, it important that the presenter makes the presentation interesting so that the presenter is able to catch the attention of a large number of audiences. Presentations are mainly made to discuss a certain issue or topic and generally those issues cover a huge area. Hence, explaining the audience with the help of graphs, charts and figures would be easier as they will be able to relate. Long sentences and messages might not be able to make an impact on the mind of the listeners. Hence, the presentation should be changed to make it more interesting and attractive. In addition to this, the audience might get confused of they are introduced a number of information at one time. Hence, there is a need to segregate the information in the slides and then present the slides so that the audience is able to grasp the information presented in one slide and then move on to the next slide for the next information. Some amount of animat ion is required in the presentation just to make it interesting. However, the presenter should keep in mind that there should not be many animations as it might take away the seriousness of the slide. It is up to the presenter to decide how and where the animation should be used. The presentation after the change After the change, the presentation should have a pictorial representation of the title in the tile slide. The picture should be clear and the audience should be able to acquire an idea about the subject that will be presented in the presentation. After the change, the presentation should have some of the animations to make the presentation interesting. It is not necessary that the animations will have any connection related to the information shared in the presentation but it will help in keeping the interest of the audience alive. Change in fonts is required in the presentation. Only black fonts are being used in the slides. The presenter needs to use different kinds of fonts along with various font colors so that the audience are able listen to the presentation with the interest. Contribution of the group members All the group members equally participated in making the presentation a success. The duties of the participants are divided properly and they gave good effort to make the presentation a success. However, the lack of experience has resulted in some of the weakness in the presentation and it is expected that it will be better in the next effort.

Vision Statement free essay sample

Core values are those that would remain unchanged regardless of time, current industry environment and any management trends. Core values are the building blocks of a company and are consisted of those values which strongly hold by the company. Core purpose is the reason that the company exists and it is also unchanging. Core purpose provides a clear direction of where the organisation is headed and distinguishes one organisation from another. On the other hand, visionary goals are objectives that a company decided to attain in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Vision Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once the goals have been reached, it is ultimately essential for the company to come up with a new goal/s to replace the old ones so as to ensure that the company would be successful in the long run. It is believed that both core values and core purpose of the company are discovered whereas visionary goals are selected. Therefore, a good vision statement is one that would not only reflect the management’s objectives for the company but would also point the company in a particular direction and plan for the road that lay ahead of it in the future. The company that I am assigned to is called Andrew and it is an electronic sensor manufacturing company. A sensor is a device that senses the environment and it is used for security purpose. It is placed in things such as car to measure temperature, heat and speed. The electronic sensor market is continuously changing. Customer’s expectation is also changing. Customers want a smaller sensor with a high performance. Some would also want a cheaper product while others would not mind paying higher price. Previously, there has been an industry shake-up and a case where the old management team has failed to meet expectation of the shareholder. As a result, the old management team was dismissed and new management teams are assigned to do the job. Currently, there are six smaller, identical companies all vying to capture the biggest market share in the sensor industry. All of the six teams are without any specific vision statement. Thus, being a new management team that is in charged of the new company, Andrew, it is necessary to create a new vision statement. Andrew’s vision is to be world’s leading manufacturer of electronic sensor, with the biggest market share in the industry. In terms of our core values, we wish to be the top supplier of the most innovative and technologically advanced sensor to the customers. Andrew also strongly believed that our company’s success would be very much depended on meeting customers’ expectation and satisfaction. Thus, it is extremely important for Andrew to manufacture a product (sensor) that would meet the constant changing demand and need of customers. A good customer service and a good quality product are crucial for developing a strong long-term relationship with the customers. Besides providing excellent customer service and pioneering technology, Andrew’s last two core values involve being honest and open to suppliers, shareholder and employees and having a good social responsibility where Andrew is committed to protecting the environment, giving back to the local communities through various charities and sponsorship and caring for our employees’ rights and interests at all times. In terms of core purpose, Andrew seeks to help customers to build a more advanced and smaller sensor which is also affordable at the same time. Finally, Andrew’s visionary goals are ones that consist of being the number one market leader in electronic sensor industry in eight years time, gaining a 60-70% total market share; with 65% in the high-tech segment and 25% in the low-tech segment and developing a beneficial long-term relationship with customers. Andrew would adopt a differentiator approach. A differentiator is one that seeks to create maximum awareness and brand equity. A differentiator also wants to be a well-known makers of high-quality and highly desirable products. By using this strategy, Andrew would have a high RD spending so as to keep the products fresh and to sustain a presence in both market segments. Andrew would therefore have to spend heavily on advertising and sales promotion to create a maximum awareness and accessibility to its products. As a result of this, products tend to be priced higher. Andrew would focus on market share, profits and stock price. In the marketing section, Andrew being a differentiator would want to concentrate in manufacturing a technologically advanced product with a slightly higher focus in the high-tech niche market. It is also essential for Andrew to have an accurate sales forecast. This is because manufacturing too many sensor units results in extra time and material costs being incurred. On the other hand, manufacturing too few or little sensor units would lead to stock outs and loss sales which can be even more costly. Prepare for the sales forecast by looking at industry demand for the next round, the number of products in the particular segment, comparing with other company’s products based on their accessibility and awareness and whether the products (sensor) produced would meet the demand. The fact that there is going be a substantial spending on promotion and RD, would affect the price of Andrew’s product, causing it to be relatively expensive as well. To keep the price affordable to customers, Andrew would have to introduce the discount strategy. Under this scheme, customers’ total buying price would be cut off when they buy sensors in certain number. The discount would vary depending on the total number of products the customer decided to buy (e. g. a 5% discount for purchase of 10-20 sensors and a 10% discount for purchase of 30-40). This would directly encourage the customers to increase their purchases and buy in bulks. Being a differentiator would also require Andrew to carry out big promotion to market its products to the customers. Promotion also plays a big role in customer demand for a given product. You can design a great product, but if nobody knows about it your sales will suffer (manager’s guide). A high promotional cost would decrease the amount of money left for RD and would subsequently affect the quality of the manufactured products. Thus, it is necessary for Andrew to seek alternatives means for promotion, other than advertising the products through promotional tools such television, magazines, radio and etc (which are costly). The solution to this problem is to promote the products by word-of-mouth and recommendations by the customers. This is definitely a more cost-effective way for creating awareness among customer groups. In the production section, Andrew will manufacture two products; Ace and Adage. Ace will be first to be introduced into the market. Ace will be a high-tech product which are highly demanded and desired by the customers. Ace will be produced in large number, approximately 2000 and sold so as to generate sufficient profit and income that would ultimately be needed to produce Adage later in the production line. Adage would take two years to mature. Approximately two to three years later when there is a shift in customers’ preferences and wants and Ace is no longer regarded as being the most desirable and advance products, Adage would be launched into the market. Ace would then move into the low-tech segment. At this time, production of low-tech segment would stop to make way for Ace in that segment. Since the low-tech products are no longer the targeted segment, any resources used to produce them can be sold or disposed. The cash generated from that can be used to fund RD or to carry out promotional activities that are required when Ace is in the low-tech segment so as to create high sales. In terms of Research and Development (RD), investment in that section can be increased through by cutting down on spending on promotional costs and by selling off assets used to support the low-tech production. Investment in this particular area should only be increased through means of emergency loans, such as the issue of common stock and a long term debt, when Andrew’s cash position is in red (indicating a shortage of cash surplus as a result of sales revenue not exceeding expenses). Due to the fact that there is going to be large amount of money being spent to finance the RD and promotional activities for Andrew, under the differentiator approach, it is therefore best for Andrew to keep the profits instead of paying them out as dividends. The profits would serve as useful cash-on hand should there be any shortage in capital to support any of the activities mentioned above and to pay off any debt or interest on our loan. It is also crucial for Andrew to pay off any debts immediately to avoid any high-rates interest on those loans. This is because the longer Andre waits to pay the supplier, the longer and more materials they withhold form your production. This is would in turn directly affect your sales activities and profits. By the last round, Andrew is expected to have invested to have at least generated $40 million in sales that it has initially invested in the first round, so as not incur any losses or debts. It is also clear that under the differentiator approach that Andrew is biased towards differentiator product as compared to cost leadership. Andrew aims to be the producer of the state-of-the-art sensor technology where price is secondary to the product’s quality rather than one where price is the primary key and quality is not regarded as equally important in determining the purchase of sensor. In conclusion, a company’s vision statement is of utmost vital for the survival and growth of any type of business. A company’s vision statement provide an insight into the company’s core ideology- its deeply held values and the reason that it had existed and map the road and future business directions and plans that it should follow in order to achieve its long-term objectives goals. To achieve its objectives and goals, the company needs to implement workable and good tactics to carry out its basic company activities- research development, marketing, production, finance, human resources and total quality management.

Fractional reserve banking dissertation The WritePass Journal

Fractional reserve banking dissertation Chapter 1 Fractional reserve banking dissertation Chapter 11.1 Introduction1.2 Research Aim1.3 Research Objectives1.4 Research Method1.5 Dissertation Structure1.6 LimitationChapter 3 Methodology3.1 Data Sources3.2 Methodology Approach3.2.1 Data Samples3.3 Selection of Research Methodology3.4 LimitationsRelated Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Fractional reserve banking concepts, theories and a real life case of debate by the Bank of England Governor Mervyn King have been investigated in this dissertation from a perspective   differed to the mainstream. There have been controversy on the discussion on the nature and uprising of fractional reserve banking. Therefore, the author believes a need for awareness on the history and nature on subject is worth identifying. The approach mentioned above is expected to form a new angle on the issue investigated and conducting further insight for a more dynamic instead of a static framework in forthcoming research. Based on extensive reviews on texts, books, research papers and websites. Appropriately, from the literature review, the author would consider fractional reserve banking as a widely spread banking system in which allows banks to create money in a banking system by lending a fraction of its deposits   while keeping only a small fraction of the original deposit as a reserve available for withdrawal and daily operations. This kind of de facto banking operation system has been legit and practiced by all commercial banks. Accordingly, a vase amount of publications have been stating the goldsmiths were the inventors of this banking mechanism. In this dissertation, the author would be looking into the background of a brief history of fractional reserve banking in the 17th century, as this operation has been operating throughout the globe in every commercial banks for decades.   In addition, a critical review Fractional Reserve Banking as a system as a whole and its affects on our modern day society. And by explaining some common misconception on fractional reserve banking and full reserve banking. In addition, evaluating a case of speech by the Bank of England Governor Mervyn King and the Bank of England’s view on this banking system and concluding with some perspective on future development and reformation on the current fractional reserve baking system. 1.2 Research Aim The aim of this research is to investigate, identify and indicate the existing critical factors and problems behind the fractional reserve banking system in the UK by going through a critical literature review and a case on the Bank of England’s Governor Mervyn Kings’ speech on the subject and identifying possible reform suggestions. In order too achieve the research aims, the following objectives below have been set. 1.3 Research Objectives This research approach is expected to investigated and identify the background history, insolvency and possible reform suggestions in the current fractional banking system in the UK. It will mainly focus on critical analysis and literature review and case study on fractional reserve banking, full reserve banking, critiques on fractional reserve banking and possible reform suggestions from a financial and ethical perspective. In order too fulfill research approach, the research objectives have been created and summarized as follows: Firstly, identify the concept and background of fractional reserve banking, capital reserve ratios, full reserve banking and reform proposals by reviewing literatures. Secondly, find out the history and possible up rising of fractional reserve banking. Thirdly, distinguish misconceptions and critical analysis on fractional reserve banking. Fourthly, explore and recognize key factors and problems above the theories by critical analysis on the selected case study. Fifthly, perceive possible reform suggestions to the current fractional reserve banking system. 1.4 Research Method In order to achieve a high standard quality of result, it would be important to identify the research method and methodology. General business research stages will be followed in the research process. The general business research stages includes defining the objective, planning a research design, planning a sample, collecting data, analyzing the data, framing a conclusion and lastly, preparing the report (Zikmund,2003) The main research method in this research approach would be literature review. In order to maintain a high quality and thorough systemic research; gathering supportive information, theories and frameworks   includes published researches, academic journals, case studies, academic publications is necessary. 1.5 Dissertation Structure Chapter one is an introduction briefly introducing some background information, research aim, and objectives for this research approach. Chapter two largely focus on the relevant literature reviews to the research project which consists of history on fractional reserve banking, definition and concepts and misconceptions on the subject. The literature review is to identify supportive and relevant information to the research area and focus. Chapter three will be providing an overview on the methodology and research method selection, supportive software used for extensive comparative analysis and the chapter will also be identifying data formulation. Chapter four will be revealing the research result, findings and case analysis, which is supportive, and relevance to the further discussion. Chapter five will be concluding the research paper with suggestions for reform and points out critical factors uncovered in this research approach, and future improvement. 1.6 Limitation Because of exceptionally limited time in the whole research process, the result and quality of the research paper is therefore in constriction. On the other hand, a lack of up to date literatures and researches in terms of critiques on fractional reserve banking has inevitably increased the difficulty in acquiring expressive and reliable data in the systemic approach. As stated above, therefore the author would have a level of difficulties in obtaining the perfect research result. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Sources The research frameworks are well organized and carried out accurately in order to achieve a research result as precise as possible. First of all, to understand the importance of the research methodology, the research process will be identified and explained. In this case, relevant literature review from all possible sources and formats from books, journal articles, thesis and the internet will be included as the primary source of data. The secondary, research data format would be using a case study as its function is to verify arguments from other sources and helps drawing views and debates on the nature of the subject. 3.2 Methodology Approach 3.2.1 Data Samples The method adopted for this research project involved extended on-site visits to Thomson One Banker and Emerald Journals. In addition to it, SSRN research database Accordingly, Thomson One Banker represents the most important data source. A relevant case from the data sources was carefully selected to achieve a better understanding of the factors and critiques on fractional reserve banking. The author also implemented additional press research to verify the data in the Financial Times and The Economist. 3.3 Selection of Research Methodology In this research paper, the author tends to apply case study approach and sources of data from literatures. Which emphasize on observing and reasoning as a result of understanding the nature of the phenomena in terms of expressing the observation the author’s point of view. The case study method is also known as the realistic analysis that studies a current phenomenon within its present-day and real life perspective involving various sources of data (Yin, 2003). Anderson (1998) added that the case study approach is about the exploration of contextual realities and dissimilarities between what was planned and what have actually occurred in terms of who, why and how things happen. As well, Edge and Coleman (1986) mentioned that the case studies enable researchers to gain high degree of confidence in their judgment and verdict, which as well improve the degree of humility. The case study approach is a common use of technique of corresponding to what, who, when and how things happen. Therefore, the case study approach is chosen in order to assist the author to deliver a conclusive debate. From a several source of supportive evidence, literature review and case study enables the author to look deeply into real life happenings. Furthermore, An explanatory case study offers the data and perception based on cause-effect relationships, responding to whom, why and how things happen in its natural context that includes the point of view of the participants (Kos, 1991). And throughout the methodology progress, it has been a great media of increasing the existing understanding of the processes by businesses and other organizations implemented, this is because it is a way of creating consistent and yet valid evidence. 3.4 Limitations Arising from the extensive case studies and literature reviews, the research methods can hardly be factually completed due to the limitations of the research approaches. There are at least three obstacles in obtaining unbiased references from the methods chosen. Potential inadequacies in this research include the large amount of data, which may have led to missing important data or overweighting some findings due to focusing on a particular and big set of data. Besides, it is possible that revisiting the data would reveal other issues and aspects would occur. Moreover, a research study generally is limited to descriptions of what the author gathered from the case study and literature reviews analyzed, which also limits the ability to generalize the results. On the other hand, the research study is time-consuming to gather and even so it takes lots of time to analyze as cutting corners on either of these aspects can probably cause to lower the value and credibility of the research paper. As a result, the author might or might not give valuable data in the time given. Besides, the author faces the challenges in representing of the information gathered. Every researcher has different ways of presenting the same set of data based on different styles and emphasis which leads the author to have difficulties in summarizing the data collected. Shionoya (1992) defines that methodology is known as the philosophical study of reason behind a prescribed use of methods. Consequently, studies of various definitions, concepts and theories are preferred to verify the functions and importance of methodology. This study correspondingly indicated the purpose for applying different methods and clarified the motive of a specific method which in terms of aiding in framing the particular discussion.   Consistently, this theory is considered as predictable and recognizable. As quoted from Easterby-Smith et al (1993), the discipline which investigates and evaluates methods of inquiry, of validation, of teaching etc., a theory within that discipline. It is important to pay attention that methodology is about method and not the same as method (Easterby-Smith et al, 1993). Accordingly, as there are different emphasis within methodology and method, this theory has distinguished the point on investigation and evaluation which has illustrated the methodology and method noticeably. However, in terms of the distinctive yet complex methodology, as the theories gathered and examined is the result the research in which that the real functions might influence the research, therefore, there are still many components to be considered within the research process. In fact, there are array of research methods available is widespread. Khairul (2008) mentioned that the choice of which method to employ is dependent upon the nature of the research problem. However, the actual suitability of a research method comes from the nature of the social phenomena should be explored (Morgan and Smircich, 1980). In substance, Remenyi and Williams (1993) presents as many as 20 types of qualitative methods and Creswell (1994) proposes basic methodological traditions of research namely ethnography, grounded theory, case study and positivism and post-positivism for phenomenological studies. In addition, Quinn-Patton (1987) offers various methods for consideration. Methodology unquestionably can be used as a decision-making procedure, which is carried out for guidelines of one or more analysis or suppositions. Khairul (2008) stated that a paradigm is a hypothetical design that likely to classifies the researcher’s reality yet one may not be aware of it. Consequently, there is a connection of theoretical decision making to strategies of collecting different backgrounds and different types of figures. Furthermore, the choice of which appropriate method to employ is important in terms of those available background information and figures. Under the circumstances, it is clear that every type of methodologies and methods has explicit and implicit research design. Accordingly, methodologies and methods shape the research process in terms of questions asked and answers received, as well it privileges specific ways of knowledge. In the main, paradigm and perspectives are taken adequate account in the framework of the research. Thus, research methodology is the way showing researchers conduct their researches. A paradigm is defined as a worldview representing people’s value judgments, norms, standards, frames of reference, perspectives, ideologies, myths, theories, and so forth, in terms of managing their thinking and actions (Gummesson, 1991). As cited from Leedy (1997), there are mainly two basic methodological traditions of research derives from the nature of reality, known as positivism and post positivism namely phenomenological. In order to maintain the analysis of the phenomena, sufficient information and precise elements might be required in positivist paradigm. Conversely, the use of several sources of information can help extensively in improving the validity and reliability of the research. By studying every aspect of the problem from as many angles as possible, and by using different sources of data, the case study research strategy is a powerful research tool in the hands of a capable researcher (Hodkinsons, 2001). It is believed that bias is everywhere but it can be minimized with following the steps as mentioned above.   The author understands that it is the crucial task in the research paper to reduce the bias level. Reference Admati, A.R., DeMarzo, P.M., Hellwig, M.F., and Pfleiderer, P (2010), ‘Fallacies, Irrelevant Facts, and Myths in the Discussion of Capital regulation: Why Bank Equity is Not Expensive’ Stanford Business School, mimeo. Arrow, K.J. (1951), ‘An extension of the basic theorems of classical welfare economics’, In Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, ed. J. Neyman, Berkeley: University of California Press, 507–32. Arrow, K.J. and Debreu, G. (1954) ‘Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy’, Econometrica 22, 265–90. Bagehot, W. (1873), ‘Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market’, Wiley Sons, (reprinted 1999). Bank of England, (2009), ‘Financial Stability Report’, June 2009, available at bankofengland.co.uk/publications/fsr/2009/fsrfull0906.pdf Diamond, D.W. and Dybvig, P. H. (1983, 91(3)), ‘Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity’, The Journal of Political Economy, pp. 401-19. Brennan, S., Haldane, A. and Madouros, V. (2010), ‘The Contribution of the Financial Sector Miracle or Mirage?’, available at bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech442.pdf Colangelo, A. and Inklaar, R. (2010), ‘Banking Sector Output Measurement in the Euro Area – A Modified Approach’, ECB Working Paper Series No. 1204. Debreu, G. (1951), ‘The coefficient of resource utilization’, Econometrica 19, 273–92. Fisher, I (1936), ‘100% Money’, Revised edition, New York: Adelphi Company, 1936. Friedman, M. (1960), ‘A Program for Monetary Stability’ New York: Fordham University Press, 1960. Haldane, A. (2010), ‘The $100 Billion Question’, available at bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech433.pdf Hellwig, M. (1995), ‘Systemic Aspects of Risk Management in Banking and Finance’, Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 131 (4/2), 723-737. IMF (2009), ‘Global Financial Stability Report’, April 2009. Institute of International Finance (2010), ‘Interim Report on the Cumulative Impact on the Global Economy of Proposed Changes in the Banking Regulatory Framework’, available at ebf-fbe.eu/uploads/10-Interim%20NCI_June2010_Web.pdf Kay, J. (2008), ‘We let down diligent folk at the Halifax’, Financial Times, 24 September 2008 Kay, J. (2009), ‘Narrow Banking: The reform of banking regulation’, CSFI report. Keynes, J.M. (1936), ‘The general theory of employment, interest and money’, London: MacMillan (reprinted 2007). Kotlikoff, L.J. (2010), ‘Jimmy Stewart is Dead: Ending the Worlds Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking’, John Wiley Sons. Lacker, J.M. (2010), ‘Real Regulatory Reform’, available at richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/president_jeff_lacker/2010/lacker_speech_201 00301.cfm Miles, D. (2010), ‘Leverage and Monetary Policy’, available at bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech451.pdf Modigliani, F. and Miller, M.H. (1958), ‘The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment’, American Economic Review 48, 261–97. Pigou, A.C. (1920) ‘The Economics of Welfare’, 4th edition, London: Macmillan, 1932. Tobin, J (1987), ‘The Case for Preserving Regulatory Distinctions’, in Restructuring the Financial System, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1987, pp. 167-183 Tucker, P. (2010a), ‘Resolution of Large and Complex Financial Institutions: The Big Issues’ available at bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech431.pdf Tucker, P. (2010b), ‘Shadow Banking, Financing Markets and Financial Stability’ available at bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech420.pdf Weitzman, M. L. (1974), ‘Prices vs. Quantities’, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 41, p.477-91. Wolf, M. (2010), ‘The challenge of halting the financial doomsday machine’, Financial Times, 20 April 2010.

How To Calculate the Margin of Error

How To Calculate the Margin of Error Many times political polls and other applications of statistics state their results with a margin of error. It is not uncommon to see that an opinion poll states that there is support for an issue or candidate at a certain percentage of respondents, plus and minus a certain percentage. It is this plus and minus term that is the margin of error. But how is the margin of error calculated? For a simple random sample of a sufficiently large population, the margin or error is really just a restatement of the size of the sample and the level of confidence being used. The Formula for the Margin of Error In what follows we will utilize the formula for the margin of error. We will plan for the worst case possible, in which we have no idea what the true level of support is the issues in our poll. If we did have some idea about this number, possibly through previous polling data, we would end up with a smaller margin of error. The formula we will use is: E zÃŽ ±/2/(2√ n) The Level of Confidence The first piece of information we need to calculate the margin of error is to determine what level of confidence we desire. This number can be any percentage less than 100%, but the most common levels of confidence are 90%, 95%, and 99%. Of these three the 95% level is used most frequently. If we subtract the level of confidence from one, then we will obtain the value of alpha, written as ÃŽ ±, needed for the formula. The Critical Value The next step in calculating the margin or error is to find the appropriate critical value. This is indicated by the term zÃŽ ±/2 in the above formula. Since we have assumed a simple random sample of a large population, we can use the standard normal distribution of z-scores. Suppose that we are working with a 95% level of confidence. We want to look up the z-score z*for which the area between -z* and z* is 0.95. From the table, we see that this critical value is 1.96. We could have also found the critical value in the following way. If we think in terms of ÃŽ ±/2, since ÃŽ ± 1 - 0.95 0.05, we see that ÃŽ ±/2 0.025. We now search the table to find the z-score with an area of 0.025 to its right. We would end up with the same critical value of 1.96. Other levels of confidence will give us different critical values. The greater the level of confidence, the higher the critical value will be. The critical value for a 90% level of confidence, with a corresponding ÃŽ ± value of 0.10, is 1.64. The critical value for a 99% level of confidence, with a corresponding ÃŽ ± value of 0.01, is 2.54. Sample Size The only other number that we need to use the formula to calculate the margin of error is the sample size, denoted by n in the formula. We then take the square root of this number. Due to the location of this number in the above formula, the larger the sample size that we use, the smaller the margin of error will be. Large samples are therefore preferable to smaller ones. However, since statistical sampling requires resources of time and money, there are constraints to how much we can increase the sample size. The presence of the square root in the formula means that quadrupling the sample size will only half the margin of error. A Few Examples To make sense of the formula, let’s look at a couple of examples. What is the margin of error for a simple random sample of 900 people at a 95% ​level of confidence?By use of the table we have a critical value of 1.96, and so the margin of error is 1.96/(2 √ 900 0.03267, or about 3.3%.What is the margin of error for a simple random sample of 1600 people at a 95% level of confidence?At the same level of confidence as the first example, increasing the sample size to 1600 gives us a margin of error of 0.0245 or about 2.5%.

How To Calculate the Margin of Error

How To Calculate the Margin of Error Many times political polls and other applications of statistics state their results with a margin of error. It is not uncommon to see that an opinion poll states that there is support for an issue or candidate at a certain percentage of respondents, plus and minus a certain percentage. It is this plus and minus term that is the margin of error. But how is the margin of error calculated? For a simple random sample of a sufficiently large population, the margin or error is really just a restatement of the size of the sample and the level of confidence being used. The Formula for the Margin of Error In what follows we will utilize the formula for the margin of error. We will plan for the worst case possible, in which we have no idea what the true level of support is the issues in our poll. If we did have some idea about this number, possibly through previous polling data, we would end up with a smaller margin of error. The formula we will use is: E zÃŽ ±/2/(2√ n) The Level of Confidence The first piece of information we need to calculate the margin of error is to determine what level of confidence we desire. This number can be any percentage less than 100%, but the most common levels of confidence are 90%, 95%, and 99%. Of these three the 95% level is used most frequently. If we subtract the level of confidence from one, then we will obtain the value of alpha, written as ÃŽ ±, needed for the formula. The Critical Value The next step in calculating the margin or error is to find the appropriate critical value. This is indicated by the term zÃŽ ±/2 in the above formula. Since we have assumed a simple random sample of a large population, we can use the standard normal distribution of z-scores. Suppose that we are working with a 95% level of confidence. We want to look up the z-score z*for which the area between -z* and z* is 0.95. From the table, we see that this critical value is 1.96. We could have also found the critical value in the following way. If we think in terms of ÃŽ ±/2, since ÃŽ ± 1 - 0.95 0.05, we see that ÃŽ ±/2 0.025. We now search the table to find the z-score with an area of 0.025 to its right. We would end up with the same critical value of 1.96. Other levels of confidence will give us different critical values. The greater the level of confidence, the higher the critical value will be. The critical value for a 90% level of confidence, with a corresponding ÃŽ ± value of 0.10, is 1.64. The critical value for a 99% level of confidence, with a corresponding ÃŽ ± value of 0.01, is 2.54. Sample Size The only other number that we need to use the formula to calculate the margin of error is the sample size, denoted by n in the formula. We then take the square root of this number. Due to the location of this number in the above formula, the larger the sample size that we use, the smaller the margin of error will be. Large samples are therefore preferable to smaller ones. However, since statistical sampling requires resources of time and money, there are constraints to how much we can increase the sample size. The presence of the square root in the formula means that quadrupling the sample size will only half the margin of error. A Few Examples To make sense of the formula, let’s look at a couple of examples. What is the margin of error for a simple random sample of 900 people at a 95% ​level of confidence?By use of the table we have a critical value of 1.96, and so the margin of error is 1.96/(2 √ 900 0.03267, or about 3.3%.What is the margin of error for a simple random sample of 1600 people at a 95% level of confidence?At the same level of confidence as the first example, increasing the sample size to 1600 gives us a margin of error of 0.0245 or about 2.5%.